Iraq (1991, 2003 and 2014), normative debates on human protection, and the role played by France

Since the end of the Cold War, Iraq has faced three international interventions. While their humanitarian component was a secondary - and at times, arguable - factor, they all played a central role in normative debates on the extent to which states should protect populations from mass atrocities beyond their borders (and what that actually entails), making Iraq a central piece of the human protection puzzle. In addition to analysing how Iraq's fate has played a key part in the development of human protection over the years, the article argues that France had a central role in both the interventions and the normative debates they generated, and investigates its role in depth. By doing so, it deepens our understanding of human protection, France's foreign policy and Iraq's development.