Japan's military modernization: Central elements, drivers, and constraints

In this paper, I will be examining Japan's recent military modernization in terms of four broad questions. First, what are main elements of Japan's military modernization? Second, what is driving this modernization? Third, what is constraining it? And finally, what is the likely future outlook for Japanese security? Accordingly, the paper will outline Japan's efforts to boost its military capabilities, reform the US-Japan alliance, and engage more with the region. It will also consider the influence of domestic political debates and international threat perceptions in shaping these changes. Finally, it will conclude with a discussion on key long-term strategic challenges facing Japan today.