Optimal surveillance against foot-and-mouth disease: the case of bulk milk testing in Australia

Previous foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)outbreaks and simulation-based analyses suggest substantial payoffs from detecting an incursion early. However, no economic measures for early detection have been analysed in an optimising framework. We investigate the use of bulk milk testing (BMT) for active surveillance against an FMD incursion in Australia. We find that BMT can be justified, but only when the FMD entry probability is sufficiently high or the cost of BMT is low. However, BMT is well suited for post-outbreak surveillance, to shorten the length of time and size of an epidemic and to facilitate an earlier return to market.