Tongatapu hardwater: Investigation into the ¹⁴C marine reservoir offset in lagoon, reef and open ocean environments of a limestone island

Although significant advances in our understanding of variation in the Pacific marine 14C reservoir have been made over the last ten years, our ability to obtain accurate calibrated ages for shellfish recovered from archaeological sites on Tongatapu remains problematic because of the influence of hardwaters on the central lagoon. Ultimately, this has implications for documenting the chronology of human movement and adaptation in this region. In this paper, we compare marine reservoir (?R) data obtained from archaeological sites located along the lagoon and open coastline of Tongatapu, and use a combination of ?R, ?18O and ?13C information to confirm a hardwater or open marine 14C signal in the shellfish. Despite documented changes to the lagoon as sea levels fell post-3000 years ago, these results indicate that there has been no noticeable change over time in the inner lagoon reservoir 14C value. Instead, variability in shellfish habitat and feeding modes is of greater concern to researchers using shell for dating, and requires further research.